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The Eyalet of the Morea () was a first-level province ( ) of the , centred on the peninsula in southern .


History

From the Ottoman conquest to the 17th century
The overran the Peloponnese between 1458 and 1460, conquering the last remnants of the , with the exception of the Venetian strongholds,Kazhdan (1991), p. 1621 which were taken gradually over decades of intermittent Ottoman–Venetian Wars. and Modon fell in 1500, and by 1540, the Ottoman conquest of the Peloponnese had been completed with the capture of and .Bées & Savvides (1993), p. 239Zarinebaf, Bennet & Davis (2005), p. 21

Upon its conquest, the peninsula was made a of the , with its capital first at (Turk. Kordos or Gördes), later in Leontari ( Londari), ( Mezistre or Misistire) and finally in Nauplion (Tr. Anaboli).Bées & Savvides (1993), p. 238 Since the 16th century, Mystras formed a separate sanjak, usually attached to the Eyalet of the Archipelago rather than Rumelia.Birken (1976), pp. 57, 106


Creation of the eyalet, Venetian interlude and second Ottoman period
Sometime in the mid-17th century, as attested by the traveller Evliya Çelebi, the Morea became the centre of a separate , with (Tr. Ballibadra) as its capital. The Venetians occupied the entire peninsula during the (1684–1699), establishing the "Kingdom of the Morea" (Regno di Morea) to rule the country. Venetian rule lasted until the Ottoman reconquest in 1715, which led to the re-establishment of the .Bées & Savvides (1993), pp. 239–240 The capital was first at Nauplia, but after 1786 at Tripolitza (Tr. Trabliçe).

The Moreote Christians rose against the Ottomans with Russian aid during the so-called "" of 1770, but it was swiftly and brutally suppressed. As a result, the total population decreased during this time, while the proportion of the Muslim element in it increased. Nevertheless, the privileges granted to the Orthodox population with the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji, especially the right to trade under the Russian flag, led to a considerable economic flowering of the local Greeks, which, coupled with the increased cultural contacts with Western Europe (Modern Greek Enlightenment) and the inspiring ideals of the French Revolution, laid the groundwork for the Greek War of Independence.

During the Greek War of Independence, most of the peninsula fell to the Greek rebels in 1821–1822, but internal conflicts among the rebels and the arrival of Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt in 1825 almost extinguished the rebellion by 1826. The intervention of , and naval troops in the Battle of Navarino forced the Ottoman and Egyptian troops to evacuate the Morea by 1 October 1828. Finally, Greece became independent from the with Treaty of Adrianople.


Administration

Central government
During the second period of Ottoman rule, the was headed by the , who until 1780 was a of the first rank (with three ) and held the title of . After 1780 and until the Greek War of Independence, the province was headed by a . The pasha of the Morea was aided by a number of subordinate officials, including a Christian translator (), who was the senior Christian official of the province.Bées & Savvides (1993), p. 240 A provincial council, the 'Divan of the Morea' (Διβάνιον τοῦ Μορέως), advised the pasha. It was composed of two semi-annually elected primates, holding the unofficial rank of (μοραγιάνης), two other primates, and the . In exceptional cases of major import, local notables were also called to attend its sessions.


Administrative divisions
According to Evliya, at the time of his visit the eyalet comprised the sanjaks of Misistire, Aya Maura (), Aynabahti (Lepanto), , Manya () and Ballibadra (), i.e. it encompassed also the portions of western and central Continental Greece.Birken (1976), pp. 57, 61–64Evliya Çelebi (2005), p. 49

At the beginning of the 19th century, according to the French traveller François Pouqueville and the Austrian scholar Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall, the eyalet comprised the following sanjaks:

  • Mora, i.e. the pasha-sanjak around the capital, Tripolitza
  • Anavarin ()
  • Arkadya ()
  • Aynabahti
  • Ballibadra ()
  • Gastuni ()
  • Messalonghi ()
  • Kordos, but by the time of Pouqueville's visit with Anaboli as capital
  • Koron
  • Misistire
  • Moton (Modon)
  • Pirgos (Pyrgos)

Throughout both Ottoman periods, Morea was also divided into a number of smaller districts ( , or ), whose number varied but was usually between 22 and 25, and reached 27 by 1784. In the mid-17th century, when the Morea was still a sanjak, these were, according to : Kordos, Arhos (Argos), Anaboli, Firina, Ayapetri (Agios Petros), Ruya, Manya ( de facto free of Ottoman control), Kalavrita (), Kartina (), Londari, Andrusa (), Koron, Motun, Anavarin, Arkadya (Kyparissia), Fanar (Fanari), Holomiç (), Voştiçe (), Ballibadra/Balye Badre. In addition, Misistra, Menceşe (Monemvasia) and belonged to the sanjak of Misistire/Mezistre.


Sources

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